SYMHC Classics: Giordano Bruno

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3:00Since Jordano Bruno was part of this week's episode on Sarah Weiss and her journeys to Mars, we are bringing out our episode on him as today's Saturday classic. This episode originally came out March 23rd, 2022. Enjoy! Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History class, a production of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly Fry, and I'm Tracy B. Wilson. So today's subject was a mathematician, a philosopher, an astronomer, an occultist, and according to the Catholic Church of the 16th century, Italy, a heretic. He was also really comfortable writing pretty scathing critiques of people he disagreed with. We are going to talk about Jordano Bruno today, who spoiler alert met a bad end because of his views. But there's actually been some debate over what exactly was the thing that caused him

4:03to be finally found officially to be a heretic. And we'll talk about that a bit at the very end. He's an interesting story because he has the trajectory of starting out in a religious career and then because I'm an heretic. So we're going to jump right into how Bruno went from being a friar to his heretical life. Yeah, so Bruno was born, Philip O Bruno in 1548 in Nola, Italy. That's about 30 kilometers east of Naples. His father was a soldier and at the age of 14 Bruno left Nola to travel to Naples for his studies. Among the many areas of education he had focusing on humanities and dialectics, Bruno was also exposed to the work of the Muslim philosopher Ibn Rooshd, more commonly known to European scholars as avarose. Avarose had lived in the 12th century and sought to combine the work of Greek philosophers

5:07with the ideologies of Islamic traditions. He had written extensively on the works of Aristotle and Plato and was deeply influential for the philosophers who came after him. Bruno also studied memory and recall and the way humans can teach themselves to remember things using themonic devices and other prompts. Yeah, all of this is interesting because he was exposed to it so early on in his life and these kinds of ideas of like combining science and religious ideology, his memory teaching to other people all comes back throughout his life and becomes really important. So while he was studying in Naples, Bruno made an impression on his teachers for his astonishing memory. In 1569 he was sent to perform for the Pope showing off his recallability. And then three years after moving to Naples for his education, Bruno joined the Dominican Order and moved into the Convent of San Domenico Masjore. It was at this point that he took the name Giordano.

6:07He was ordained as a friar in 1572 after seven years with the order. But he continued his studies in Naples finishing his religious scholarship program in 1575. Although Bruno had been ordained and had been encouraged to continue his studies, there had been from the beginnings of his life at the Dominican Order some concerns about his heretical leanings. And he did want to discuss heretical ideas. One that was of interest to him is what's known as the Aryan Heresy, named for the third century priest from Alexandria named Aryus. This heretical doctrine put forth the idea that Christ was not divine but was an instrument of the divine. Yeah, we'll talk so much more about his thoughts and writings about Christ and why those upset people. And because Giordano Bruno openly discussed this idea and others as worthy of consideration. And of course, because questioning the Holy Trinity was very dangerous,

7:10he found himself charged with heresy for the first time by the Neapolitan leaders of the order in early 1576. But rather than face a heresy trial, Bruno decided he would just leave the city and he headed to Rome. That only lasted a couple of months because when additional heretical texts were found among the things he left behind in Naples, including works of Erasmus, which questioned the powers of the papacy, the entire structure of the Catholic Church, which Bruno had notated himself in the margins so they knew he had read it, the search for the heretical fugitive intensified and Rome was no longer safe, so Bruno was once again on the run. This time he left behind all of his ties to the Catholic Church and his life as a friar. For a couple of years, Bruno was on the move traveling around northern Italy. He said to have made his way by picking up odd jobs, like teaching Latin or basic astronomy to students and interested adults.

8:10Then in 1578, he left Italy and went to Geneva, Switzerland. For a while, he survived there taking copy editing and proofing work, but though he had been branded a heretic by the Catholic Church and had left his life in the Naples clergy, he still really sought a religious haven for himself. He briefly thought he might have found it in Calvinism. So for context, John Calvin had been born just a little less than 40 years before Bruno, and he had died 14 years before the former Dominican found himself in Geneva. Bruno saw so much potential in the reformist ideas of Calvin's book, Institute of the Christian Religion, which had first been published in the mid-1530s, and had been reissued already many times in the intervening decades. So Jordan Obruno converted to Calvinism while he was in Switzerland. But he continued to have a questioning nature, and he got into trouble with the Calvinist Church just as he had the Catholic Church.

9:13He wanted to examine doctrine rather than follow it, and while he had believed that approach would be more welcomed in his new church, he was ultimately incorrect. The final straw was a pamphlet he published, which openly criticized the prominent Calvinist. Soon he was arrested and excommunicated. He retracted the writing, which had caused the rift with the church to get out of any serious repercussions, but once again, he was a man with no religious affiliation. After that strife with the Calvinist Church in Geneva was more or less resolved, Bruno moved on once again, and this time he headed to France. While spending time first in Toulouse, he continued to be troubled by his rift with the Catholic Church. And to rectify the situation, he formally requested absolution. He wanted to make amends with the Church and offer penance in the hopes of being officially forgiven. But he was denied. Despite the fact, though, that he was still considered a heretic, which of course had considerable weight in the 1570s,

10:16Jordan Obruno was able to find work teaching philosophy in Toulouse, and that was something that he did for roughly two years. In 1581, Bruno moved on to Paris after escalating tensions between Huguenos and Catholics into Luz made that city too dangerous to stay in. This ultimately led to the 1562 riots of Toulouse, but Jordan Obruno was long gone by the time that happened. And those issues into Luz were reflective of a bigger issue in France. In the 1580s, France was smack dab in the middle of its wars of religion. At this point, it was actually sort of a perfect time for Bruno to move to Paris, though. The Huguenos massacre at Vassie and the massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day were well in the past. The Huguenos had been granted the freedom to worship Henry III, who was one of Catherine Domettich's sons, and had been one of the conspirators in the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre, was King of France when Bruno moved to Paris.

11:19And Henry III really liked Jordan Obruno so much so that he made him a royal lecturer. Bruno had fallen in with the politics. That's the faction and the religious words that was Catholic but moderate, and wanted compromise and religious matters as a means for unity for France, rather than the emergence of any single religion as dominant in ruling. While in Paris, Bruno wrote and published a great deal. He had finally kind of found like where he might have belonged at least for a moment. He produced several works that were rooted in his study and fascination with memory, which elaborated far beyond the idea of recall, and kind of focused on how a person could use their memory to develop a deeper understanding of reality. He wrote a comedy in 1582 called The Candlemaker. This play, if staged, would run at an estimated five hours, and the author in the original is listed as Bruno the Nolan, the academic of no academy nicknamed the exasperated.

12:23His exasperation was with society as a whole. He felt there was corruption all around and that people claiming morality were often lax and upholding it. It was essentially a protest play. We should point out Bruno was kind of exasperated with a lot of people, a lot of the time. If he thought somebody was foolish or frivolous or pompous, he did not hesitate to write scathing critiques of them. Now, he's a little bit of a firebrand in this regard, and I think he kind of liked the conflict like it fueled him. That's my speculation. When we come back, we're going to talk a little bit more about political and religious strife in France as well as Bruno's time in England. But first we're going to pause for a quick sponsor break. This episode is brought to you by YouTube Premium. You know I watch a lot of YouTube. I watch a lot of it for fun, but I also watch a lot of it for research for this show.

13:24And I also put on a lot of stuff in the background. Videos in the background just set a mood. I find it very relaxing or sometimes kind of hype. You know, if you're looking to get ready to go out. Yeah, I use it to and YouTube Premium takes something you already love YouTube and makes it even better. The content, the creators, the feeling of finding exactly what you're into for every mood and moment of your day. Premium transforms that experience into a more supercharged, enhanced way to enjoy YouTube. Yes, a YouTube Premium subscription gives you access to exclusive YouTube features and benefits, including but not limited to being ad free. So uninterrupted videos, background play. So that lets you keep listening with your screen locked and offline downloads so you can download your videos to watch anywhere. So if you like YouTube, you'll love Premium. Sign up now for your free child, terms and conditions apply. Whether you're calling the wise women in your life, video calling your girlfriends across the country or checking it on someone who always knows how to make you smile, staying connected matters.

14:28Those small conversations shared laughs and quick hello or what keep relationships strong even when life gets busy. Some of the most life-giving conversations start with just a phone call. That's why AT&T guarantees the network you can rely on so you can focus on the moments and people that matter most. That's the AT&T guarantee. AT&T connecting changes everything. Terms and conditions apply. Visit att.com slash guarantee for details. So you're considering getting a home security system but you want something that fits your space. Well, with AT&T blue it's easy to customize a system that's right for you and set it up yourself. Just pick the kit and monitoring plan that makes sense for your home. Let's say you're worried about package theft. The AT&T plus app can walk you through setting up a new doorbell camera kit once it's installed. AT&T pros can help you keep tabs on it 24-7 or you can manage it yourself from the AT&T plus app. There are no long term contracts so you can change your monitoring plan whenever you want. The flexibility doesn't end there.

15:29You can add to your system as you need to with things like extra cameras or motion sensors. Some life decisions are hard but thanks to AT&T blue you can DIY trusted AT&T home security in a snap. Head to att.com slash B-L-U to build your system today and to hear more about home protection and other grown up topics check out new episodes of grown up stuff on the iHeart Radio app Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. Snoring, gasping for air during sleep, daytime sleepiness, I'm Shikil O'Neil and this shouldn't be anybody's experience. Asher doctor about Zep Bound turns up a tie. The first snowly FDA approved prescription medicine for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea and adults with obesity. Zep Bound is a prescription medicine used with a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity to help adults with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, OSA and obesity to improve their OSA. Zep Bound is approved as a 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 or 15 milligram injection. Zep Bound contains chosepatide and should not be used with other chosepatide containing products or any GLP1 receptor agonist medicines.

16:41It is not known if Zep Bound is safe and effective for use in children. Don't share needles or pens or reuse needles. Don't take a fallergic to it or if you or someone in your family had medialary thyroid cancer or if you've had multiple endocrine neoplasias syndrome type 2. Tell your doctor if you get a lump or swelling in your neck. Stop Zep Bound and call your doctor if you have severe stomach pain or a serious allergic reaction. Severe side effects may include inflamed, pancreas or gallbladder problems. Tell your doctor if you experience vision changes before scheduled procedures with anesthesia. If you're nursing, pregnant, plant to be or taking birth control pills, taking Zep Bound with a sulfonolurea or insulin may cause low blood sugar. Side effects include nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, which can cause dehydration and worsen kidney problems. Talk to your doctor, call 1-800-545-5979 or visit Zep Bound.Lily.com We've all done it. Tumble down an internet rabbit hole trying to self-diagnose and sometimes doing our own research can leave us more anxious than informed.

17:41Your feed is packed with wellness trends telling you to cold plunge protein max detox, track your sleep. But what's actually real? What's exaggerated? What's just wrong? That's exactly what health versus hype from the American Medical Association and I Heart Media's Ruby Studio is here to find out. Each episode, Emmy-nominated science communicator Trace Dominguez, who's racked up billions of views across PBS Discovery Channel and YouTube, talks to doctors, influencers and real people trying these trends. Not to cancel them, not to hype them more, but to actually understand them. Because when it comes to your health, who you listen to matters, start asking better questions and listen to help versus hype on the I Heart Radio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. In 1584, Henry III's brother, Francis Duke Donjou, died. In this made Henry of Navarre air presumptive to the throne of France and that catalyzed a new rise in the conflict among Francis' religious factions in what became known as the War of the Three Henrys.

18:58But Bruno was lucky enough to have left the country before that happened. In 1583, he had moved from Paris to London. And King Henry III had sent along with him a letter of recommendation, which Bruno took to Michelle de Castel now, the French ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I's court. For a while, Bruno went to Oxford where he lectured on astronomy. But Bruno's views did not go over well at Oxford. So he quickly returned to court, convinced that the alleged intellectuals of Oxford were beneath him. That cracks me up. Returning to Elizabeth's court connected him to another recent podcast subject that was Mary Sydney Herbert, because Bruno became friends with her brother, Sir Philip Sydney. He apparently did not. Thanks, Sir Philip Sydney was beneath him, just the so-called intellectuals of Oxford. It was basically like, you know, if you don't believe me, clearly you are a dig don't. Sydney, of course, had a wide circle of intellectual acquaintances and through them Bruno was invited to speak once again with scholars from Oxford.

20:08It once again did not go well. A fight actually broke out in which Bruno called one of the men that he had met with a pig. Bruno started writing a comprehensive explanation of his thoughts on morality and cosmology and the wake of the skirmish at Oxford. This resulted in a six volume set that's referred to as the Italian dialogues. Three of the volumes, the Ashwin State supper, concerning the cause, principle and one, and on the infinite universe and worlds examined the universe and our understanding of it. The other three, which were the expulsion of the triumphant beast, cabal of the horse Pegasus and the heroic frenzies work through Bruno's views on morality. Often in a way that's highly critical of society. Yeah, he was a critical gent in the Ashwin State supper. Bruno is a character in the writing. He calls himself the Nolan, which we had mentioned him using before, that signified his birthplace of Nola.

21:10And another character, Teofield, serves as the purveyor of Bruno the writer's ideas, including the idea that there are innumerable worlds. He's subscribed to the idea that the universe was infinite and that there could be other solar systems like ours. He wrote of the belief that space could be finite, quote, suppose now that all space were created finite. If one were to run on to the end to its furthest coasts and throw a flying dart, would you have it that the dart hurled with might and main go with on whether it is sped flying afar or think you that something can check and bar its way for whether there be something to check it and bring about that it arrived with not whether it was sped and plant it's not itself in the goal or whether it fair it forward yet it's set not forth from the end. It continued his argument with quote, we cannot deny infinity merely because we do not sensibly perceive it.

22:13Yes, so in case that definitely older style of writing was in any way confusing and blessed Tracy for reading it, he's basically like if you go to the edge of space and throw a dart, is it going to dink back and hit you like what do you think happens. Because we've never found that so all of this meant that Bruno also supported heliocentrism now that idea was of course not new in the 16th century as early as the 5th century BCE there were philosophers in Greece that were suggesting that the earth might be revolving around a central fire. But that concept and theories that built on it had not become accepted in part because it was just so difficult to reconcile the idea of the planet being in motion while we are also able to see what appear to be fixed objects in the night sky like star clusters that were observed night after night. By the time Bruno was writing about heliocentrism it had come once again to the forefront of cosmological discussion.

23:19In the mid 15th century the German religious scholar Nicholas of Cusa had worked on an idea that earth was influential in the movement of the universe, but that it was not the center around which other things revolved. Copernicus had published six books concerning the revolutions of the heavenly orbs just a few years before Bruno's birth. It's really when heliocentrism started gaining a foothold in cosmological circles. So though Bruno's writing was just supporting what other intellectuals at the time were already espousing he was definitely doing so when the idea was far from a settled matter it was still really controversial. To put it in context on the historical timeline Galileo was put on trial by the Inquisition over his support of the Copernical heliocentric theory almost 50 years after Bruno wrote in support of it. But Bruno's writing integrates this idea of an infinite universe with the idea of a god that held dominion over infinity.

24:23This was absolutely not a rejection of Christian beliefs for him. Bruno wrote in on the infinite universe in worlds quote so great is God's excellence that it is manifested in the greatness of his empire. It is not glorified in one but in innumerable sons not in one earth one world but in ten hundred thousand I say in infinite. A very controversial view that Bruno held and included in the Italian dialogues is his case that the Bible is great as a guide for a moral life but it's not a text that should be used as the basis of astronomical information. He made lots of assertions about there being other worlds in the cosmos which would probably support life none of which had ever been mentioned in biblical writing. He got a lot of things wrong in his guesses about how things might work but he was able to grasp the idea that the earth might not be all that singular in the vastness of space.

25:26For these ideas and others Bruno knew the Italian dialogues would not be welcomed in Italy so he published them outside of his home country. Yeah there's some cute additional on that where he kind of still wanted to make it seem like they were published in Italy that we could talk about in the behind the scenes. In the fall of fifteen eighty five Bruno decided to return to France but in that short time he had been away that conflict among the Henry's had started and he did not find himself in a group of moderates as he had before his moderate friends had gotten a little more hard line in their beliefs. Henry III had taken a stronger stance against all non-Catholics. It would have been smart on Bruno's part to kind of keep his head down and maybe dial back his constant critiques of just about everyone in an environment like this but instead he got in a very public argument with Fabrizio Mordente and Italian mathematician who was also Catholic and well connected to Catholic political leaders in France at the time.

26:32Bruno also made a focused attack on the work of Aristotle in fifteen eighty six with the writing of 120 articles on nature and the world against the parapetetics because of his ongoing strife with so many Catholics and his increasingly unpopular views the politics distance themselves from Bruno. He next moved on to Germany he taught and wrote as he traveled the country and produced the work 160 articles in fifteen eighty eight and this he asserted that all religions could coexist peacefully if they would stop attacking one another and foster communication. In early fifteen eighty nine Bruno was banished from yet another religious sect this time the Lutherans who he tried to join up with briefly so you're keeping score he had now been excommunicated by the Catholics the Calvinists and the Lutherans. And after his fall out with the Lutheran church Bruno worked on a book about the connection between mathematics and magic although that was not published in his lifetime.

27:36He also continued to reiterate his ideas from the Italian dialogues in new writings specifically three poems that he wrote in Latin on the threefold minimum and measure on the monad number and figure and on the immeasurable and innumerable. Bruno also included some new ideas in these poems alongside the concepts that he was echoing from his previous work and one of these new ideas was the concept of matter being made up of tiny tiny particles this was essentially an early exploration of the idea of atoms. Although he was doing all this writing he couldn't publish any of it because of all of his fallouts with basically everyone. He knew he couldn't publish in Italy so in fifteen ninety he asked to be granted residency in Frankfurt where he hoped to publish his work but that request was denied he tried it seems to get around that denial by moving into a carmalate convent in Frankfurt. The head of the convent didn't really seem to love that arrangement because he felt that Bruno wasn't actually religious at all and had become vain and obsessed with quote novelties in his work.

28:46In fifteen ninety one Bruno traveled once again to Italy not to Rome or Naples where he still would have certainly been an outcast but he was just traveling across northern Italy on route to the Republic of Venice which was not part of Italy at this time. This was a move that was catalyzed by being asked to come to Venice by a nobleman of the city and this might sound like a pretty rash move to head back through a country where he had been a wanted man for a long time at this point. He was a man for his heretical ideas but the circumstances were such that it probably didn't seem all that dangerous for Bruno. Gregory the 13th had been Pope when Bruno had become a fugitive in the fifteen seventies he had died in fifteen eighty five and was replaced by six to the fifth but six to the fifth had died in fifteen ninety and after that there were three popes in rapid succession. Urban the seventh was Pope for only twelve days and then Gregory the 14th had become Pope in December of fifteen ninety and while Bruno couldn't have known it when he made his way to Venice in late summer of fifteen ninety one Gregory the 14th also would not be Pope that much longer he died in October.

30:02He would be replaced by innocent the ninth who was Pope for only twelve months were mentioning all of this because it probably would have seemed like any of the concerns about Bruno's heresy would have been lost in the shuffle of just so many rapid shifts in leadership. Additionally he was going to what was a fairly liberal state. Yeah Venice at this point was all about exploration and new ideas and so he thought like it'll be cool to run across our family fine. And Bruno also had his eyes on a job in this move the University of Padua needed ahead of their mathematics department and if he could secure it the position would grant him some stability and it would make it possible for him to publish. So if you are familiar with this time in European history and or with the work of Galileo you might already know that Bruno did not get the job because Galileo did Bruno had really campaigned for it though he had even given a private lecture series on geometry and other mathematical subjects in Padua to prove his abilities after the position went to Galileo Bruno returned to the city of Venice and to the nobleman who had invited him in the first place which was Giovanni Mochnego.

31:17This is not the Giovanni Mochnego who was the doja of Venice in the 15th century this was a later member of the same family Mochnego had been the one to tell Bruno about the position in Padua and had hoped that Bruno would instruct him in the art of memory but these two had a falling out. And there are a couple of different takes on what exactly caused this riff to depending on what a sorcerer reading. One version is that the Venetian Mochnego was not satisfied with the lessons that he had received from Bruno and he was also irritated that Bruno was talking about his intention to move back to Frankfurt again something that Mochnego apparently took as an insult. Another version is that in teaching Mochnego about mnemonics and philosophy Bruno had maybe overshared his ideas and it troubled the Venetian a great deal because those ideas were so at odds with more ease of society and especially the church.

32:17Regardless of the specific cause of the friction between the two of them Mochnego turned his house guest into the Venetian Inquisition in May of 1592 via a letter. He included a list of 21 alleged instances in which Bruno had committed heresy including accusations that Bruno had said that the Virgin Mary could not have been a mother and that miracles is scribed to Christ were not miracles at all but magic tricks used to do the foolish I can see how this would have been upsetting. Yes, we're going to talk about Bruno's trials for heresy that was plural after we hear from some of the sponsors that keep stuff you missed in history class going. This episode is brought to you by YouTube premium Samantha you know I watch a lot of YouTube I watch a lot of it for fun but I also watch a lot of it for research for this show and I also put on a lot of stuff in the background videos and background to set a mood.

33:21I find it very relaxing or sometimes kind of hype you know if you're looking to get ready to go out. I use it to and YouTube premium take something you already love YouTube and makes it even better the content the creators the feeling of finding exactly what you're into for every mood and moment of your day premium transforms that experience into a more supercharged enhanced way to enjoy YouTube. Yes, a YouTube premium subscription gives you access to exclusive YouTube features and benefits including but not limited to being at free so uninterrupted videos background play so that lets you keep listening with your screen locked and offline download so you can download your videos to watch anywhere. So if you like YouTube you'll love premium sign up now for your free trial terms and conditions apply. And this shouldn't be anybody's experience as you doctor about set bound to zip a time the first only of the approved prescription medicine for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea and adults with obesity.

34:27Zep bound is a prescription medicine used with a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity to help adults with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, OSA and obesity to improve their OSA. Zep bound is approved as a 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 or 15 milligram injection. Zep bound contains chosepatide and should not be used with other chosepatide containing products or any GLP1 receptor agonist medicines. It is not known if Zep bound is safe and effective for use in children. Don't share needles or pens or reuse needles. Don't take a fallurgic to it or if you or someone in your family had medullary thyroid cancer or if you've had multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2. Tell your doctor if you get a lump or swelling in your neck. Stop Zep bound and call your doctor if you have severe stomach pain or a serious allergic reaction. Severe side effects may include inflamed pancreas or gallbladder problems. Tell your doctor if you experience vision changes before scheduled procedures with anesthesia. If you're nursing, pregnant, plant to be or taking birth control pills, taking Zep bound with a sulfonolurea or insulin may cause low blood sugar.

35:28Side effects include nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, which can cause dehydration and worsen kidney problems. Talk to your doctor. Call 1-800-545-5979 or visit Zep bound dot lily dot com. We've all done it. Tumble down an internet rabbit hole trying to self diagnose and sometimes doing our own research can leave us more anxious than informed. Your feed is packed with wellness trends telling you to cold plunge protein max detox, track your sleep. But what's actually real? What's exaggerated? What's just wrong? That's exactly what health versus hype from the American Medical Association and I Heart Media's Ruby Studio is here to find out. Each episode, Emmy-nominated science communicator Trace Dominguez, who's racked up billions of views across PBS Discovery Channel and YouTube, talks to doctors, influencers and real people trying these trends. Not to cancel them, not to hype them more, but to actually understand them. Because when it comes to your health, who you listen to matters, start asking better questions and listen to health versus hype on the I Heart Radio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.

36:41Guess who's back in the house? The old Gays return for season two of Silver Linings, their hit podcast from I Heart's Ruby Studio in partnership with Veeve Healthcare. Just wait until you hear what hosts Robert McBill and Jess A have in store this time around. They strut back down memory lane, navigating life, love, loss and everything that shaped them along the way. And as usual, someone just might break into song. From leather bars to bath houses, dance floors to drag brunch, nothing stays off limits. These are the kinds of insights that can only come from experience. So listen to your elders, honey, and discover the Silver Linings you can take with you. All sass, zero filter, and decades of perspective from four friends proving that queer joy only gets better with age on the podcast that never gets old. And the Silver Linings available on I Heart Radio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.

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38:57He explained that he was always working from a philosophical viewpoint rather than a religious one and he did walk back some of the statements he had made about religion clarifying that he had said some things an error when he really meant to talk about theoretical ideas and just examine them in relation to religion. And the Venetian Inquisition sounds like it was kind of initially receptive to this defense. But even though there had been those several changes in popes, once word reached the Vatican that Bruno was being tried in Venice, it was demanded that he be extradited to Rome to stand trial there for heresy. His charges were even more serious than heresy though because he was also accused of converting other Catholics into heretics as well. In total, he was charged with more than four dozen different heresies by the Roman Inquisition, including speaking ill of Catholicism, having contempt for holy relics, practicing divination, apostasy, believing that souls could transmigrate,

40:03asserting that there could be other worlds like Earth and the cosmos and even eating meat on days that it was prohibited. So many accusations of varying degrees of intensity. He arrived in Rome on January 27th, 1593 and he spent the rest of his life there. His trial spooled out over the next seven years. And while he went with the same philosophy and theory approach to his defense against the heresy charges, that explanation was not as welcomed in Rome as it may have been in Venice. What the inquisitors of Rome wanted was a full retraction of everything he had said about religion. Full stop. Bruno though thought he could maybe convince his accusers that really the things he had said were not in conflict with the teachings of the Catholic Church. He believed that in presenting himself as a philosopher, he would have to be granted leeway to conjecture about just about anything. But that was not appreciated, attempting to separate philosophy from theology for discussion was actually considered heretical in its own right according to some writings because it could lead anyone down the path to heresy.

41:15And while Venice had not been quite so finicky on that point Rome really dug in. This was also in part because he could call himself a philosopher all he wanted, but the inquisition viewed him as a friar who had strayed. A retraction as we said was what the church was after, but Bruno was adamant that he didn't have anything to retract. He said he didn't even understand what they wanted because in his opinion, he had done nothing wrong. But the latest Pope Clement the eighth did not concur. Bruno was found guilty of heresy on February 4th 1599 in a proclamation which red quote, are most holy Lord decrees and ordains that it be intimated to the apostate brothers, or done, or Bruno of Nola by the theologian fathers, namely father Bellarmin and the father commissary, that these propositions are heretical and not only heretical as now declared, but by the most ancient fathers of the church and the apostolic sea. There was apparently a list of eight heretical points for which he was absolutely found guilty, but that list has been lost, so we don't know what of the many dozens of accusations were really the ones.

42:26But he was given several weeks to recant like they kind of gave him an out, but he didn't. The inquisitors extended that opportunity to recant several times, but Bruno consistently denied that his work was in any way heretical. Bruno received his death sentence on February 8th 1600. The inquisitors also condemned all of his writings and his books were added to the index of forbidden books. Well, it's often reported that his last words before execution were quote, perhaps you who pronounced my sentence are in greater fear than I who receive it. That was actually his reaction to the sentencing 9 days later on February 17 1600 Bruno was taken to the public square known as camp defuario in Rome, gagged and burned alive. Okay, we have talked about Bruno's philosophy and religious views in regard to his being judged a heretic. And you will also see accounts of his life that say he was actually executed for believing that there were other solar systems and that ours was not really the center of the universe.

43:34Sometimes this is also as like the sun is a star or the sun is one of many stars and the disparity of whether this was a cosmological issue or a philosophical one has been a matter of debate among historians and scholars for quite a while. In the second half of the 20th century, most scholars had landed at the conclusion that yes, issues of cosmology were part of the heresy of Giordano Bruno, but the really the biggest problem in his work was his assertion that Christ was not divine. You can see with the church sure would dislike that, but in recent years there has been a deeper look at Bruno's trial that adds a little more nuance and brings the cosmology back into focus. In an article published in annals of science in 2016, historian Alberto A. Martinez made the case that of many worlds cosmology had been well established as heretical going back through the centuries leading up to Bruno's trial. For example, he notes that the last who was the bishop of Russia, Italy in the fourth century made this very clear writing quote another heresy is to say that worlds are infinite and innumerable following the aesonine opinion of the philosophers, whereas scriptures say that the world is one and it teaches us that it is one.

44:55Martinez also points out that closer to the time of Bruno's trial in the mid 16th century, there was a move to define heresy but also debate about it long lists of heretical offenses that were punishable by death were published and the idea of innumerable worlds was one of them. And in 1582 Pope Gregory the 13th for whom the Gregorian calendar is named and who was Pope when Bruno was first accused of heresy had an updated edition of corpus of canon law published and appearing in that updated edition was the following heresy quote having the opinion of innumerable worlds. From the beginning of Bruno's heresy trial and Venice his belief in the idea of infinite worlds was part of secuations that had been on the list that much and ego had sent the inquisition and unlike some of the other accusations Bruno never denied this one in fact he asserted its very repeatedly telling inquisitors quote I affirm an infinite universe which is the consequence of the infinite divine power because I regard it as an infinite universe.

46:06And I'm not sure if it's not the one worthy of the divine goodness and power that being able to produce in addition to our world another and infinitely many others to produce one finite world. Yes, I have asserted infinite particular world similar to the earth which with Pythagoras I consider a star similar to which is the moon other planets and other stars which are infinite. All these bodies are worlds and number lists which thus constitute the infinite universality in an infinite space and this is called the infinite universe and which are innumerable worlds thus the fortune that is double from the infinitude and greatness of the universe and the multitude of worlds but without indirectly meaning to reject the truth according to the faith. I know that is so poetic and I know that's a translation but I love it. According to Martinez's research at least five witnesses who testified against Bruno and Venice mentioned specifically his cosmological beliefs in multiple worlds as part of his heresy.

47:13Four of the five repeated this testimony at the trial in Rome and when tallied up it is the accusation of this belief in many worlds that appears most frequently in Bruno's trial summary. The summary also reflects that he was specifically ordered to abandon his quote delusions regarding many worlds. Additionally a witness to his execution recounted that one of the heresies read aloud before Bruno was killed was his belief that quote worlds are innumerable so it does seem that the idea of this sort of plurality of worlds was a significant part of the accusations that led to Bruno's fate and execution. This time Bruno became infamous denounced by philosopher Marin Marcin 24 years after his death as quote one of the most evil men that the earth has ever born. But Bruno's expansive view of the cosmos and religion and his efforts to create a philosophy that combined the two also fascinated scholars and later philosophers and scientists built on various ideas that he had put forward.

48:23We talked about many things that are that were pretty ahead of their time when he was saying them but unfortunately very angering to the church. The Inquisition did not appreciate. He's another figure that I love despite the fact that I think I wouldn't enjoy hanging out with him at all. Thanks so much for joining us on this Saturday. If you'd like to send us a note our email addresses history podcast at iHeartRadio.com. And you can subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. A rare disease diagnosis can change your life but it doesn't have to define your future. In season seven of untold stories life with a severe autoimmune condition host Martin Hackett continues the conversation with people living with MG, CIDP and the broader rare disease community exploring what comes after diagnosis through stories of hope, progress and connection.

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