This Fault Beneath the U.S. May Power Earth for 170,000 Years

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1:00Do you know that our planet has scars? One of them is located in North America. This scar can tell us many cool things about the history of Earth. But the most interesting thing is that it could change the appearance of our continents and break our world. But for some reason this scar hasn't done it yet. And that's not even the most interesting part. The coolest thing about this scar is that it might hold a giant source of clean, cheap energy. So let's go to Kansas to find out what it is. So 1.1 billion years ago a giant rift formed in the crust of our planet on the territory of the modern US Midwest. It's called Broken Heart. This giant crevice is filled with solidified magma. And from afar it looks like a real scar. But how did it show up? Broken Heart was an ancient rift valley. A huge geological fault forming elongated hollows in the Earth's crust.

2:03It occurred because tectonic plates had moved apart. It's like the details of a jigsaw puzzle that suddenly started to separate. At that moment thousands and even millions of tons of magma spilled out from the depths of our planet. That event looked like a real apocalypse lasting about 100,000 years. But then it stopped and scientists don't know why. If the rifting process had lasted longer than most likely the continent of North America would look different today or it wouldn't even exist at all. Right now this fault looks like a giant horseshoe that stretches from Kansas, North the Lake Superior and South to Michigan. But some studies indicate that the fault may be larger and extend even further south. And the width of the fault might equal the width of the red sea. After the rifting stopped the entire valley got covered with hills and trees. The fault itself is covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rocks so it's quite difficult to track.

3:07The most noticeable parts of the rift are in the Lake Superior area. Now everything looks calm and beautiful. But in the past there were fountains and rivers of lava, earthquakes, a boiling pod on a planetary. Exima is unpredictable. But you can flare less with eggless. A once monthly treatment for moderate to superior eczema. After an initial four-month or longer dosing phase about four and ten people taking eggless achieved itch relief and glare are almost glare skin at 16 weeks. And most of those people maintain skin that's still more glare at one year with monthly dosing. Emgless, LibriKizumap, LBKZ. A 250mg per 2mL injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older who weigh at least 88 lbs or 40kg with moderate to severe eczema. Also called a topic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals or who cannot use topical therapies. Emgless can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. Don't use if you're allergic to emgless. A allergic reaction can occur that can be severe. Eye problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have new or worsening eye problems.

4:09You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with ebgless. Before starting ebgless, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection. Ask a doctor about ebgless and visit ebgless.lily.com or call 1-800-LilyRx or 1-105-4-5-5-9-7-9. This episode is brought to you by Peloton. Breakthrough the busiest time of year with the brand new Peloton cross-training Tread Plus, powered by Peloton IQ. With real-time guidance and endless ways to move, you can personalize your workouts and train with confidence, helping you reach your goals in less time. Let yourself run, lift, sculpt, push, and go. Explore the new Peloton cross-training Tread Plus at 1-Peloton.com. Gail, all that remains of it are deposits of basalt, a dark dense rock that forms from cooled lava. There was so much basalt that its weight pushed the valley deeper and deeper into the earth's crust. Even when the eruptions and rifting stopped, the valley continued to sink because of the huge mass of this sediment.

5:09Then, massive sections of the earth's crust on both sides of the valley began to contract, and the pieces of the puzzle slowly started to come together. This led to a large-scale ejection of volcanic material upward, and along with basalt, deposits of copper rock appeared in the valley. People mined this copper for about 8,000 years until the end of the 20th century. The copper mines were eventually shut down, but now it seems the industry is making a comeback. However, broken heart is not interesting to people just because of its copper reserves. It holds something more valuable and useful for our civilization. Scientists believe that this valley hides massive reserves of hydrogen, and this substance can help us switch to a cleaner, cheaper, and more efficient energy source. If hydrogen fuel becomes widely available, everyone will switch to it, leaving behind the costly, noisy, and polluting process of oil production.

6:12Now, Albert Hydrogen is a remarkably familiar word to you. It doesn't sound like the discovery of the century, and people have been using it for a long time. On one hand, you're right, but not quite. 90% of the hydrogen produced by humans is used as a raw material for the chemical industry. Hydrogen is used to produce ammonia for fertilizers, methanol for fuel and solvents, and a purify crude oil. Manufacturers of glass, cement, steel, and other metals are considering using hydrogen at their factories for more efficient production. Hydrogen can become an alternative to fossil fuels, that is oil and gasoline produced from them. Cars, ships, trains, airplanes, and power plants, all of these may switch to hydrogen soon. In this case, production can become cheaper and better for nature, but this will work only if we find open sources of hydrogen. You see, about 95% of the hydrogen we use is produced from fossil fuels.

7:17We gasify coal, oxidize hydrocarbons, and extract hydrogen from methane. All of these production methods require energy, but the worst part is that they lead to large emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. But what if we find sources of pure hydrogen that don't require processing? Then we'll save energy for its production and make the planet cleaner. But where can we find such sources? Scientists say that there are many of them all over the planet, and one of the largest is located in the Rift Valley in the US Midwest. But what's the problem with going and mining it? Well, it's not that simple. To extract pure hydrogen, you need three conditions. The first is the source of hydrogen itself, which is quite logical. The second is reservoir rocks, that is, natural containers where this hydrogen is stored. And the third is natural seals, which prevent the gas from escaping.

8:19In other words, these seals work like a... Cap on a bottle. They don't allow the substance to escape. So in general, it's necessary to find where hydrogen is released, where it accumulates, and where it's stored. When these conditions are met, natural resource extraction companies can start working. But how does hydrogen appear altogether? Well, let's go over the basics of chemistry. Hydrogen and oxygen compounds form water. This means you need to split the water into hydrogen and oxygen.

9:19This process often occurs in nature. There are many places all over the planet where this happens. Scientists are confident that at least 30 US states have hydrogen reservoirs. And if people detect them, we will accelerate the energy transition to safer and more efficient fuels. Thousands of cars drive around using gasoline. Many of you know the smell of exhaust fumes, that thick polluted air that's hard to breathe. What about electric cars? They must be improving the situation, right? Well, here's another problem. Producing batteries for these vehicles harms nature. The materials used to make batteries are lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Their extraction involves a large release of toxic materials. Not only into the air, but also into the water. Transporting these batteries also creates a large carbon footprint. Producing a single electric car emits about four tons of carbon dioxide. To make up for that, the owner needs to drive it for at least eight years.

10:20That's how long it takes to offset the emissions a regular car would produce. What about reliability and convenience? What will you do if the battery runs out during the trip and there are no charging stations nearby? This problem will be solved in the future with the growing popularity of electric cars. Now scientists believe that over the past billion years, the Earth's crust has split enough water into hydrogen and oxygen. Our planet keeps this gas in the ground, waiting for us to start using it. According to calculations, even considering all the technologies and production capacities of our civilization, the reserves of hydrogen in the valves of the planet are enough to supply us with energy for 170,000 years. That's why the giant rifting Kansas attracts scientists from all over the world. Huge quantities of the salt and other rocks can react with water to release hydrogen, and now scientists are looking for places where this material accumulates and is stored.

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