Nikolai Kardashov

Russian physicist and futurist

Nikolai Kardashov was a Russian physicist and futurist who lived from 1892 to 1973. He is best known for proposing the Kardashev scale, a method of measuring a civilization's energy consumption. Kardashov was born in Russia and studied physics at the University of Moscow. He worked as a researcher at the Soviet Academy of Sciences and was a prominent figure in the field of nuclear physics. Kardashov was also an advoc...