About this episode
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Amniote: Vertebrates whose embryos are enclosed in a thin sac.
Cloaca: A posterior orifice used for excretion and reproduction.
Cloacal Kiss: A method that penisless amniotes use to mate, which involves males and females momentarily pressing their cloacae together.
Tuatara: Reptiles endemic to New Zealand that are the only surviving members of their ancient amniote group.
Hemipenis: One of the paired copulatory organs of lizards and snakes.
Bmp4: A protein that, when present, stifles the growth of penises in chick embryos.
Convergent Evolution: The independent evolution of similar features in different species.
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