Reflections on War and Death-Sigmund Freud

0:00Hey, it's Kelly Rowland. You may not know this, but I have Exema. So I get how it can steal your time. But why let Exema take over when you can talk to your doctor about Epglyce? Epglyce, lubricism app LBKZ, a 250-mg per 2-mg leador injection, is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older, who weigh at least 88 pounds or 40 kilograms, with moderate to severe Exema. Also called a topic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin, or topicals, or who cannot use topical therapies. Epglyce can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. Don't use if you are allergic to Epglyce. Allergic reactions can occur that can be severe. I-problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have newer, worsening eye problems, you should not receive a live vaccine when treated with Epglyce. Before starting Epglyce, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection. Paid partnership with Lili Respect your time. Ask your doctor about Epglyce and visit Epglyce.com or call 1-800-LiliRx or 1-800-LiliRx 5-9-7-9. It's fall in Jeep country, and during the

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2:05This is a LibraVox recording. All LibraVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit libravox.org. Reflections on war and death By Professor Dr. Sigmund Freud Authorized English translation by Dr. A. A. Brill and Alfred B. Cutner 1918 Translators note This book is offered to the American public at the present time in the hope that it may contribute something to the cause of international understanding and goodwill which has become the hope of the world. And Translators note Reflections on war and death, section 1. The Disappointments of war

3:07Caught in the whirlwind of these war times without any real information or any perspective Upon the great changes that have already occurred or are about to be enacted Lucking all premonition of the future It is small wonder that we ourselves become confused as to the meaning of impressions which crowd in upon us Or of the value of the judgments we are forming It would seem as though no event had ever destroyed so much of the precious heritage of mankind Confused so many of the clearest intellects Or so thoroughly debased what is highest Even science has lost her dispassionate impartiality Her deeply embittered voteries are intent upon seizing her weapons to do their share in the battle against the enemy The anthropologist has to declare his opponent inferior and degenerate The psychiatrist must diagnose him as mentally deranged

4:11Yet it is probable that we are affected out of all proportion by the evils of these times And have no right to compare them with the evils of other times through which we have not lived The individual who is not himself a combatant and therefore has not become a cog in the gigantic war machinery Feels confused in his bearings and hampered in his activities I think any little suggestion that will make it easier for him to see his way more clearly will be welcome Among the factors which cause the stay at home so much spiritual misery and are so hard to endure There are two in particular which I should like to emphasize and discuss I mean the disappointment that this war has called forth And the altered attitude towards death to which it in common with other wars forces us

5:16When I speak of disappointment everybody knows it wants what I mean One need not be a sentimentalist one may realize the biological and physiological necessity of suffering in the economy of human life And yet one may condemn the methods and the aims of war and long for its termination To be sure we used to say that wars cannot cease as long as nations live under such varied conditions As long as they place such different values upon the individual life And as long as the animocities which divide them Represent such powerful psychic forces We were therefore quite ready to believe that for some time to come there would be wars between primitive and civilized nations And between those divided by color As well as with and among the partly enlightened and more or less civilized peoples of Europe

6:20But we dared to hope differently We expected that the great ruling nations of the white race the leaders of mankind who had cultivated worldwide interests And to whom we owe the technical progress in the control of nature As well as the creation of artistic and scientific cultural standards We expected that these nations would find some other way of settling their differences and conflicting interests Each of these nations had set a high moral standard to which the individual had to conform if he wished to be a member of the civilized community These frequently overstrict precepts demanded a great deal of him, a great self-restraint, and a market renunciation of his impulses Above all, he was forbidden to resort to lying and cheating, which are so extraordinarily useful in competition with others

7:21The civilized state considered these moral standards the foundation of its existence It drastically interfered if anyone dared to question them and often declared it improper even to submit them to the test of intellectual criticism It was therefore assumed that the state itself would respect them and would do nothing that might contradict the foundations of its own existence To be sure one was aware that scattered among these civilized nations there were certain remnants of races that were quite universally disliked And were therefore reluctantly and only to a certain extent permitted to participate in the common work of civilization where they had proved themselves sufficiently fit for the task But the great nations themselves one should have thought had acquired sufficient understanding for the qualities they had in common and enough tolerance for their differences So that unlike in the days of classical antiquity the words foreign and hostile should no longer be synonyms

8:30Trusting to this unity of civilized races countless people left hearth and home to live in strange lands and trusted their fortunes to the friendly relations existing between the various countries And even he who was not tied down to the same spot by the exigencies of life could combine all the advantages and triumphs of civilized countries into a newer and greater fatherland which he could enjoy without hindrance or suspicion He thus took delight in the blue and gray ocean the beauty of snowclad mountains and of the green lowlands the magic of the north woods and the grandeur of southern vegetation The atmosphere of landscapes upon which great historical memories rest and the peace of untouched nature The new fatherland was to him also a museum

9:31filled with the treasure that all the artists of the world for many centuries had created and left behind While he wandered from one hall to another in this museum He could give his impartial appreciation to the varied types of perfection that had been developed among his distant compatriots by the mixture of blood, by history, and by the peculiarities of physical environment Here, cool, inflexible energy was developed to the highest degree There, the graceful art of beautifying life Elsewhere, the sense of law and order or other qualities that have made man master of the earth We must not forget that every civilized citizen of the world had created his own special parnassus and his own school of Athens Among the great philosophers, poets, and artists of all nations, he had selected those to whom he

10:32considered himself indebted for the best enjoyment and understanding of life And he associated them in his homage Both with the immortal ancients and with the familiar masters of his own tongue Not one of these great figures seemed alien to him just because he spoke in a different language Be it the incomparable explorer of human passions or the intoxicated worshipper of beauty The mighty and threatening seer or the sensitive scoffer And yet he never approached himself with having become an apostate to his own nation and his beloved mother tongue The enjoyment of this common civilization was occasionally disturbed by voices which warned that in consequence of traditional differences wars were unavoidable even between those who shared this civilization One did not want to believe this but what did one imagine such a war to be like if it should ever come about

11:37No doubt it was to be an opportunity to show the progress and man's community feeling since the days when the Greek amphictienes had forbidden the destruction of a city belonging to the league the felling of her oil trees and the cutting off of her water supply It would be a chivalrous bout of arms for the sole purpose of establishing the superiority of one side or the other with the greatest possible avoidance of severe suffering which could contribute nothing to the decision with complete protection for the wounded who must withdraw from the battle and for the physicians and nurses who devote themselves to their care With every consideration of course for non combatants for the women who are removed from the activities of war and for the children who, when grown up, are to become friends and co-workers on both sides And with the maintenance finally of all the international projects and institutions in which the

12:41civilized community of peacetimes had expressed its corporate life Such a war would still be horrible enough and full of burdens But it would not have interrupted the development of ethical relations between the large human units between nations and states But the war in which we did not want to believe broke out and brought disappointment It is not only bloodier and more destructive than any foregoing war as a result of the tremendous development of weapons of attack and defense But it is at least as cruel, bitter and merciless as any earlier war It places itself above all the restrictions pledged in times of peace The so-called rights of nations It does not acknowledge the prerogatives of the wounded and of physicians

13:41The distinction between peaceful and fighting members of the population or the claims of private property It hurls down and blind rage whatever bars its way as though there were to be no future and no peace after it is over It tears a sunder all community bonds among the struggling peoples and threatens to leave a bitterness which will make impossible any reestablishment of these ties for a long time to come It has also brought to light the barely conceivable phenomenon of civilized nations knowing and understanding each other so little that one can turn from the other with hate and loathing Indeed one of these great civilized nations has become so universally disliked that it is even attempted to cast it out from the civilized community as though it were barbaric Although this variation has long proved its eligibility through contribution after contribution

14:44of brilliant achievements We live in the hope that impartial history will furnish the proof that this variation in whose language I am writing and for whose victory our dear ones are fighting has sinned leased against the laws of human civilization But who is privileged to step forward at such a time as judge in his own defense Races are roughly represented by the states they form and these states by the governments which guide them The individual citizen can prove with dismay in this war what occasionally thrust itself upon him already in times of peace namely that the state forbids him to do wrong not because it wishes to do away with wrong doing but because it wishes to monopolize it like salt and tobacco

15:44A state at war makes free use of every injustice every act of violence that would dishonor the individual It employs not only permissible cunning but conscious lies and intentional deception against the enemy and this to a degree which apparently outdoes what was customary in previous wars The state demands the utmost obedience and sacrifice of its citizens but at the same time it treats them as children through an excess of secrecy and a censorship of news and expression of opinion which render the minds of those who are thus intellectually repressed defenseless against every unfavorable situation and every wild rumour It absolves itself from guarantees and treaties by which it was bound to other states makes unabashed confession of its greed and aspiration to power which the individual is then supposed to sanction out of patriotism

16:47Let the reader not object that the state cannot abstain from the use of injustice because it would thereby put itself at a disadvantage For the individual too, obedience to moral standards and abstinence from brutal acts of violence are as a rule very disadvantageous Hey it's Kelly Rowland you may not know this but I have eczema So I get how it can steal your time But why let eczema take over when you can talk to your doctor about eczlas eczlas lubricism ab lbkz a 250 milligram per two milliliter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older who weigh at least 88 pounds or 40 kilograms with moderate to severe eczema also called a topic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals or who cannot use topical therapies eczlas can be used with or without topical corticosteroids Don't use if you are allergic to eczlas allergic reactions can occur that can be severe

17:48i-problems can occur tell your doctor if you have newer worsening i-problems You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with eczlas before starting eczlas tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection paid partnership with lily Respect your time ask your doctor about eczlas and visit eczlas.com or call 1-800 lily rx or 1-800-545-5979 It's fall in America make it count at the ram drive into fall sales event make it powerful with our strongest ram 1500 ever Make it move with the ram heavy duty with an available commons diesel and make it go to the distance with a 10 year or 100,000 mile powertrain limited warranty hurry and now for great deals during the ram drive into fall sales event Excludes fully electric vehicles apply to 2026 model-year vehicles non transferable visit moapar.com for complete details on a copy of the powertrain limited warranty Comment is a registered trademark of commons a ram and hammy are registered trademarks of fca uslc Hey, it's kelly rolling you may not know this but i have eczema so i get how it can still your time But why let eczema take over when you can talk to your doctor about eczlas eczlas lubricism ab lbkz

18:54A 250 milligram per two milliliter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older Who weigh at least 88 pounds or 40 kilograms with moderate to severe eczema also called a topic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies Used on the skin or topicals or who cannot use topical therapies ebglus can be used with or without topical corticosteroids Don't use if you are allergic to ebglus allergic reactions can occur that can be severe i problems can occur Tell your doctor if you have newer worsening i problems You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with ebglus before starting ebglus tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection Pay partnership with lily respect your time ask your doctor about ebglus and visit ebglus.com or call 1-800 lily rx or 1-800-545-5979 And the state but rarely proves itself capable of indemnifying the individual for the sacrifice it demands of him nor is it to be wondered at that the loosening of moral ties between the large human units

19:55Has had a pronounced effect upon the morality of the individual For our conscience is not the inexorable judge that teachers of ethics say it is It has its origin in nothing but social fear Wherever the community suspends its reproach the suppression of evil desire also ceases And men commit acts of cruelty treachery deception and brutality The very possibility of which would have been considered incompatible with their level of culture Thus the civilized world citizen of whom i spoke before May find himself helpless in a world that has grown strange to him when he sees his great fatherland disintegrated The possessions common to mankind destroyed And his fellow citizens divided and debased Nevertheless, several things might be said in criticism of his disappointment

21:00Strictly speaking it is not justified for it consists in the destruction of an illusion Illusions commend themselves to us because they save us pain and allow us to enjoy pleasure instead We must therefore accept it without complaint when they sometimes collide with a bit of reality against which They are dashed to pieces Two things have roused our disappointment in this war The feeble morality of states in their external relations which have inwardly acted as guardians of moral standards And the brutal behavior of individuals of the highest culture of whom one would not have believed any such thing possible Let us begin with the second point and try to sum up the view which we wish to criticize in a single compact statement Through what process does the individual reach a higher stage of morality

22:01The first answer will probably be he is really good and noble from birth in the first place It is hardly necessary to give this any further consideration The second answer will follow the suggestion that a process of development is involved here And will probably assume that this development consists in eradicating the evil inclinations of man And substituting good inclinations under the influence of education and cultural environment In that case We may indeed wonder that evil should appear again so actively in persons who have been educated in this way But this answer also contains the theory which we wish to contradict In reality there is no such thing as eradicating evil Psychological or strictly speaking, psychoanalytic investigation proves on the contrary

23:09That the deepest character of man consists of impulses of an elemental kind which are similar in all human beings The aim of which is the gratification of certain primitive needs These impulses are in themselves neither good or evil We classify them and their manifestations according to their relation to the needs and demands of the human community It is conceded that all the impulses which society rejects as evil such as selfishness and cruelty are of this primitive nature These primitive impulses go through a long process of development before they can become active in the adult They become inhibited and diverted to other aims and fields They unite with each other change their objects and in part turn against one's own person

24:10The formation of reactions against certain impulses give the deceptive appearance of a change of content As if egotism had become altruism and cruelty had changed into sympathy The formation of these reactions is favored by the fact that many impulses appear almost from the beginning in contrasting pairs This is a remarkable state of affairs called the ambivalence of feeling and is quite unknown to the layman This feeling is best observed and grasped through the fact that intense love and intense hate occur so frequently in the same person Psychoanalysis goes further and states that the two contrasting feelings not infrequently take the same person as their object What we call the character of a person does not really emerge until the fate of all these impulses has been settled

25:15And character as we all know is very inadequately defined in terms of either good or evil Man is seldom entirely good or evil. He is good on the whole in one respect and evil in another Or good under certain conditions and decidedly evil under others It is interesting to learn that the earlier infantile existence of intense bad impulses is often the necessary condition of being good in later life The most pronounced childish egotists may become the most helpful and self-sacrificing citizens The majority of idealists, humanitarians, and protectors of animals have developed from little sadists and animal tormentors The transformation of evil impulses is the result of two factors operating in the same sense

26:17One inwardly and the other outwardly The inner factor consists in influencing the evil or selfish impulses through erotic elements The love needs of man interpreted in the widest sense The addition of erotic components transforms selfish impulses into social impulses We learn to value being loved as an advantage for the sake of which we can renounce other advantages The outer factor is the source of education which represents the demands of the civilized environment and which is then continued through the direct influence of the cultural milieu Civilization is based upon the renunciation of impulse gratification And in turn, demand the same renunciation of impulses from every newcomer

27:17During the individual's life a constant change takes place from outer to inner a compulsion The influences of civilization work through the erotic components to bring about the transformation of more and more of the selfish tendencies into altruistic and social tendencies We may indeed assume that the inner compulsion which makes itself felt in the development of man was originally, that is, in the history of mankind, a purely external compulsion Today people bring along a certain tendency, disposition, to transform the egotistic into social impulses as a part of their hereditary organization which then responds to further slight incentives to complete the transformation A part of this transformation of impulse must also be made during life In this way, the individual man is not only under the influence of his own contemporary cultural milieu

28:24but is also subject to the influences of his ancestral civilization If we call a person's individual capacity for transforming his egotistical impulses under the influence of love his cultural adaptability We can say that this consists of two parts One congenital and the other acquired And we may add that the relation of these two to each other and to the untransformed part of the emotional life is a very variable one In general, we are inclined to rate the congenital part too highly and are also in danger of overvaluing the whole cultural adaptability in its relation to that part of the impulse life which has remained primitive That is, we are misled into judging people to be better than they really are

29:25For there is another factor which clouds our judgment and falsifies the result in favor of what we are judging We are of course in no position to observe the impulses of another person We deduce them from his actions and his conduct Hey, it's Kelly Rowland, you may not know this but I have eczema So I get how it can steal your time But why let eczema take over when you can talk to your doctor about ebglus ebglus, lubricismab, lbkz, a 250mg per 2ml injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older who weigh at least 88 pounds or 40kg with moderate to severe eczema Also called a topic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals or who cannot use topical therapies ebglus can be used with or without topical corticosteroids Don't use if you are allergic to ebglus, allergic reactions can occur that can be severe i-problems can occur Tell your doctor if you have newer worsening i-problems

30:26you should not receive a live vaccine when treated with ebglus Before starting ebglus tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection Pay partnership with lily Respect your time, ask your doctor about ebglus and visit ebglus.com or call 1-800-LiliRx or 1-800-545-5979 It's fall in jeep country and during the drive into fall sales event get a great deal on 4x4s that refuse to be contained like jeep rankler confidence built into every drive with the most awarded SUV ever jeep grand Cherokee and freedom that can't be denied with the open air freedom and jeep gladiator After 85 years it's no surprise that jeep became America's SUV brand get a great deal during the jeep drive into fall sales event jeep is one more awards over its lifetime than any other SUV brand jeep in the jeep grille register trademarts of fca uslc Hey it's Kelly Rowland You may not know this but i have eczema So i get how it can steal your time But why let eczema take over when you can talk to your doctor about ebglus ebglus Lebrichizmablbkz

31:28A 250mg per 2ml injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older who weigh at least 88 pounds or 40kg with moderate to severe eczema also called a topic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals or who cannot use topical therapies ebglus can be used with or without topical corticosteroids Don't use if you are allergic to ebglus allergic reactions can occur that can be severe i problems can occur Tell your doctor if you have newer worsening eye problems you should not receive a live vaccine when treated with ebglus before starting ebglus tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection paid partnership with lily Respect your time Ask your doctor about ebglus and visit ebglus.com or call 1-800-LiliRx or 1-800-545-5979 Which we trace back to motives springing from his emotional life In a number of cases such a conclusion is necessarily incorrect The same actions which are good in the civilized sense

32:30may sometimes originate in noble motives and sometimes not Students of the theory of ethics call only those acts good which are the expression of good impulses and refuse to acknowledge others as such But society is on the whole guided by practical aims and does not bother about this distinction It is satisfied if a man adapts his conduct and his actions to the precepts of civilization and asks little about his motives We have heard that the outer compulsion which education and environment exercise upon a man brings about a further transformation of his impulse life for the good the change from egotism to altruism But this is not the necessary or regular effect of the outer compulsion Education and environment have not only love premiums to offer

33:34but work with profit premiums of another sort namely rewards and punishments They can therefore bring it about that a person's subject to their influence decides in favor of good conduct in the civilized sense without any enobling of impulse or change from egotistic into altruistic inclinations On the whole the consequence remains the same Only special circumstances will reveal whether the one person is always good because his impulses compel him to be so while another person is good only and so far as this civilized behavior is of advantage to his selfish purposes But our superficial knowledge of the individual gives us no means of distinguishing the two cases and we shall certainly be misled by our optimism into greater overestimating the number of people who have been transformed by civilization

34:38Civilized society which demands good conduct and does not bother about the impulse on which it is based has thus won over a great many people to civilized obedience who do not thereby follow their own natures Encouraged by this success Society has permitted itself to be misled into putting the ethical demands as high as possible thereby forcing its members to move still further from their emotional dispositions A continual emotional suppression is imposed upon them The strain of which is indicated by the appearance of the most remarkable reactions and compensations In the field of sexuality where such suppression is most difficult to carry out it results in reactions known as neurotic ailments In other fields the pressure of civilization shows no pathological results

35:39but manifests itself in distorted characters and in the constant readiness of the inhibited impulses to enforce their gratification at any fitting opportunity Anyone thus forced to react continually to precepts that are not the expressions of his impulses lives psychologically speaking above his means and may be objectively described as a hypocrite Whether he is clearly conscious of this difference or not It is undeniable that our contemporary civilization favors this sort of hypocrisy to an extraordinary extent One might even venture to assert that it is built upon such a hypocrisy and would have to undergo extensive changes if man were to undertake to live according to the psychological truth There are therefore more civilized hypocrites than truly cultured persons

36:40And one can even discuss the question whether a certain amount of civilized hypocrisy is not indispensable to maintain civilization Because the already organized cultural adaptability of the man of today would perhaps not suffice for the task of living according to the truth On the other hand the maintenance of civilization even on such questionable grounds offers the prospect that with every new generation a more extensive transformation of impulses will pave the way for a better civilization These discussions have already afforded us the consolation that our mortification and painful disappointment on account of the unsuvelized behavior of our fellow world citizens in this war were not justified They rested upon an illusion to which we had succumbed In reality they have not sunk as deeply as we feared Because they never really rose as high as we had believed

37:46The fact that states and races abolish their mutual ethical restrictions not unnaturally incited them to withdraw for a time from the existing pressure of civilization and to sanction a passing gratification of their suppressed impulses In doing so their relative morality within their own national life probably suffered no rupture But we can still further deepen our understanding of the change which this war has brought about in our former compatriots and at the same time take warning not to be unjust to them Forsyckic evolution shows a peculiarity which is not found in any other process of development When a town becomes a city or a child grows into a man Town and child disappear in the city and in the man Only memory can sketch in the old features in the new picture

38:50In reality the old materials and forms have been replaced by new ones It is different in the case of psychic evolution One can describe this unique state of affairs only by saying that every previous stage of development is preserved next to the following one from which it has evolved The succession stipulates a coexistence Although the material in which the whole series of changes has taken place remains the same The earlier psychic state may not have manifested itself for years But nevertheless continues to exist to the extent That it may someday again become the form in which psychic forces express themselves In fact The only form as though all subsequent developments had been unrolled and made regressive This extraordinary plasticity of psychic development is not without limits as to its direction

39:51One can describe it as a special capacity for retrograde action or regression For it sometimes happens that a later and higher stage of development that has been abandoned cannot be attained again But the primitive conditions can always be reconstructed The primitive psyche is in the strictest sense indestructible The so-called mental diseases must make the impression on the layman of mental and psychic life fallen into decay In reality the destruction concerns only later acquisitions and developments The nature of mental diseases consists in the return to former states of the effective life and function An excellent example of the plasticity of the psychic life is the state of sleep which we all court every night

40:54Since we know how to interpret even the maddest and most confused dreams We know that every time we go to sleep we throw aside our hard one morality Like a garment in order to put it on again in the morning This laying bear is of course harmless Because we are paralyzed and condemned to inactivity by the sleeping state Only the dream can inform us of the regression of our emotional life to an earlier stage of development Thus for instance It is worthy of note that all our dreams are governed by purely ecotistic motives One of my English friends once presented this theory to a scientific meeting in America Where upon a lady present made the remark that this might perhaps be true of Austrians But she ventured to assert for herself and her friends that even in dreams they always felt altruistically My friend although himself a member of the English race

41:57Was obliged to contradict the lady energetically on the basis of his experience in dream analysis The noble Americans are just as ecotistic in their dreams as the Austrians The Transformation of impulses upon which our cultural adaptability rests It's fall in jeep country and during the driving to fall sales event get a great deal on four by fours that refuse to be contained Like jeep rankler confidence built into every drive with the most awarded SUV ever jeep grand Cherokee and freedom that can't be denied With the open air freedom and jeep gladiator After 85 years it's no surprise that jeep became America's SUV brand get a great deal during the jeep drive into fall sales event jeep is one more awards over its lifetime than any other SUV brand jeep in the jeep grill or register trademarts of fc a us LLC McDonald's is putting value back on the menu Whether you're craving a big mac McNuggets or sausage egg and cheese McGrittle's make it a meal and save

42:57Your favorite is now your wallet's favorite too extra value meals A back get a big something extra with a big mac or 10 piece McNuggets fries and a medium coke all for just $9 limited time only promotion pricing may be lower than meal pricing It's fall in jeep country and during the driving to fall sales event get a great deal on four by fours that refuse to be contained like jeep rankler Confidence built into every drive with the most awarded SUV ever jeep grand Cherokee and freedom that can't be denied with the open air freedom in Sheep gladiator after 85 years. It's no surprise that jeep became America's SUV brand get a great deal during the jeep drive into fall sales event jeep is one more awards over its lifetime than any other SUV brand jeep in the jeep grill or register trademarts of fc a us LLC Can therefore also be permanently or temporarily made regressive Without doubt The influences of war belong to those forces which can create such regressions

44:00We therefore need not deny cultural adaptability to all those who at present are acting in such an uncivilized manner And may expect that the refinement of their impulses will continue in more peaceful times But there is perhaps another symptom of our fellow citizens of the world which has caused us No less surprise and fear than this descent from former ethical heights Which has been so painful to us I mean the lack of insight that our greatest intellectual leaders have shown Their obteracy Their inaccessibility to the most impressive arguments Their uncritical credulity concerning the most contestable assertions This certainly presents a sad picture And I wish expressly to emphasize that I am by no means a blinded partisan who finds all the intellectual mistakes on one side But this phenomenon is more easily explained and far less serious than the one which we have just considered

45:09Students of human nature and philosophers have long ago taught us that we do wrong to value our intelligence as an independent force And to overlook its dependence upon our emotional life According to their view, our intellect can work reliably only when it is removed from the influence of powerful incitements Otherwise it acts simply as an instrument at the back and call of our will and delivers the results which the will demands Logical argumentation is therefore powerless against affective interests That is why arguing with reasons which according to false staff are as common as blackberries are so fruitless where our interests are concerned Whenever possible psychoanalytic experience has driven home this assertion It is in a position to prove every day that the cleverest people suddenly behave as

46:10Unintelligently as defective as soon as their understanding encounters emotional resistance But that they regain their intelligence completely as soon as this resistance has been overcome This blindness to logic which this war has so frequently conjured up in just our best fellow citizens Is therefore a secondary phenomenon the result of emotional excitement and destined We hope to disappear simultaneously with it If we have thus come to a fresh understanding of our estranged fellow citizens We can more easily bear the disappointment which nations have caused us For of them we must only make demands of a far more modest nature They are perhaps repeating the development of the individual and at the present day Still exhibit very primitive stages of development with a correspondingly slow progress

47:16Towards the formation of higher unities It is in keeping with this that the educational factor of an outer compulsion to morality Which we found so active in the individual is barely perceptible in them We had indeed hoped that the wonderful community of interests Established by intercourse and the exchange of products Would result in the beginning of such a compulsion But it seems that nations obey their passions of the moment far more than their interests At most they make use of their interests to justify the gratification of their passions It is indeed a mystery why the individual members of nations should disdain, hate and uphore each other At all even in times of peace I do not know why it is It seems as if all the moral achievements of the individual were obliterated in the case of a large number of people not to mention millions

48:23Until only the most primitive, oldest and most brutal psychic inhibitions remained Perhaps only later developments will succeed in changing these lamentable conditions But a little more truthfulness and straightforward dealing on all sides Both in the relation of people towards each other and between themselves and those who govern them Might smooth the way for such a change And the disappointments of war First section Reflections on war and death This recording is in the public domain Reflections on war and death Section 2

49:25This is a LibraVox recording All LibraVox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer please visit LibraVox.org Reflections on war and death By Sigmund Freud Section 2 Our attitude towards death It remains for us to consider the second factor of which I have already spoken which accounts for our feeling of Strangeness in a world which used to seem so beautiful and familiar to us I Refer to the disturbance in our former attitude towards death Our attitude had not been a sincere one To listen to us we were of course prepared to maintain that death is the necessary termination of life That every one of us owes nature his death and must be prepared to pay his debt

50:28In short the death was natural undeniable and inevitable In practice we were accustomed to act as if matters were quite different We have shown an unmistakable tendency to put death aside to eliminate it from life We have attempted to hush it up In fact, we have the proverb to think of something as of death Of course we meant our own death We cannot indeed imagine our own death Whenever we try to do so we find that we survive ourselves as spectators The school of psychoanalysis could thus assert that at bottom No one believes in his own death Which amounts to saying in the unconscious Every one of us is convinced of his immortality As far as the death of another person is concerned Every man of culture will studiously avoid mentioning this possibility in the presence of the person in question

51:34Only children ignore this restraint They boldly threaten each other with the possibility of death And are quite capable of giving expression to the thought of death in relation to the persons they love As for instance Dear Mama one unfortunately you are dead I shall do so and so The civilized adult also likes to avoid entertaining the thought of another's death Lest he seem harsh or unkind Unless his profession as a physician or a lawyer brings up the question Least of all would he permit himself to think of somebody's death if this event is connected with a gain of freedom wealth or position Death is of course not deferred through our sensitiveness on the subject and when it occurs we are always deeply affected As if our expectations had been shattered We regularly lay stress upon the unexpected causes of death

52:36We speak of the accident the infection or advanced age And thus betray our endeavor to debate death from a necessity to an accident A large number of deaths seems unspeakably dreadful to us We assume a special attitude towards the dead Something almost like admiration for one who has accomplished a very difficult feat We suspend criticism of him Overlooking whatever wrongs he may have done and issue the command Day more to his Neil Nisi bending We act as if we were justified in singing his praises at the funeral oration And inscribe only what is to his advantage on the tombstone This consideration for the dead Which he really no longer needs Is more important to us than the truth

53:36And to most of us certainly it is more important than consideration for the living This conventional attitude of civilized people towards death is made still more striking by our complete collapse at the death of a person closely related to us Right now at Subway try the 499 sub of the day get a different six inch sub every day for just 499 each like meatball marinara on Mondays Tuna on Tuesdays and the BMT on Saturdays. It's a different six inch sub every day Pat with protein and your choice of chopped veggies for just 499 each or make it a meal with chips and a drink for just two dollars more But hurry it's only for a limited time and only it's Subway After participating restaurants prices higher in Washington, Alaska and Hawaii and on third party delivery add-ons taxes and fees for delivery additional It's fall in jeep country and during the driving to fall sales event get a great deal on four by fours that refuse to be contained like jeep Wrangler Confidence built into every drive with the most awarded SUV ever jeep Grand Cherokee and freedom that can't be denied with the open air freedom and jeep gladiator

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55:43We act in this case as if we belong to the tribe of the ashrah Who also die when those whom they love perish Footnote compare Hina's poem dare ashrah and footnote But this attitude of ours towards death exerts a powerful influence upon our lives Life becomes impoverished and loses its interest when life itself the highest stake in the game of living must not be risked It becomes as hollow and empty as an American flirtation in which it is understood from the beginning that nothing is to happen In contrast to a continental love affair in which both partners must always bear in mind the serious consequences Our emotional ties the unbearable intensity of our grief make us disinclined to court dangers for ourselves and those belonging to us

56:47We do not dare to contemplate a number of undertakings that are dangerous but really indispensable Such as aeroplane flights expeditions to distant countries and experiments with explosive substances We are paralyzed by the thought of who is to replace the son to his mother the husband to his wife or the father to his children should an accident occur A number of other renunciations and exclusions result from this tendency to rule out death from the calculations of life And yet the motto of the Hanziatic League said Navigara in SSS Vivaire non-NSSA It is necessary to sail the seas but not to live It is therefore inevitable that we should seek compensation for the loss of life in the world of fiction in literature and in the theater

57:47There we still find people who know how to die who are even quite capable of killing others They are alone the condition for reconciling ourselves to death is fulfilled Namely if beneath all the vicissitudes of life a permanent life still remains to us It is really too sad that it may happen in life as in chess Where a false move can force us to lose the game But with this difference that we cannot begin a return match In the realm of fiction we find the many lives in one for which we crave We die in identification with a certain hero and yet we outlive him and quite unharmed are prepared to die again with the next hero It is obvious that the war must brush aside this conventional treatment of death

58:51Death is no longer to be denied we are compelled to believe in it People really die and no longer one by one but in large numbers often 10,000 in one day It is no longer an accident Of course it still seems accidental whether a particular bullet strikes this man or that But the survivor may easily be struck down by a second bullet and the accumulation of deaths ends the impression of accident Life has indeed become interesting again It has once more received its full significance Let us make a division here and separate those who risk their lives and battle from those who remain at home Where they can only expect to lose one of their loved ones through injury illness or infection It would certainly be very interesting to study the changes in the psychology of combatants

59:56But I know too little about this We must stick to the second group to which we ourselves belong I have already stated that I think the confusion and paralysis of our activities from which we are suffering Is essentially determined by the fact that we cannot retain our previous attitude towards death Perhaps it will help us to direct our psychological investigation to two other attitudes towards death One of which we may ascribe to primitive man While the other is still preserved though invisible to our consciousness In the deeper layers of our psychic life The attitude of prehistoric man towards death is of course known to us only through deductions and reconstructions But I am of the opinion that these have given us fairly trustworthy information Primitive man maintained a very curious attitude towards death

1:00:59It is not at all consistent but rather contradictory On the one hand he took death very seriously recognized it as the termination of life and made use of it in this sense But on the other hand he also denied death and reduced it to nothing This contradiction was made possible by the fact that he maintained a radically different position in regard to the death of others A stranger or an enemy Than in regard to his own The death of another person fitted in with his idea It signified the annihilation of the hated one And primitive man had no scruples against bringing it about He must have been a very passionate being more cruel and vicious than other animals He liked to kill and did it as a matter of course Nor need we attribute to him the instinct which restrains other animals from killing and devouring their own species

1:02:08As a matter of fact the primitive history of mankind is filled with murder The history of the world which is still taught to our children Is essentially a series of race murders The dimly felt sense of guilt under which man has lived since archaic times And which in many religions has been condensed into the assumption of a primal guilt a hereditary sin Is probably the expression of a blood guilt The burden of which primitive man assumed In my book entitled Totemant Taboo 1913 I have followed the hints of W. Robertson Smith, Atkinson, and Charles Darwin in the attempt to fathom the nature of this ancient guilt And am of the opinion That the Christian doctrine of today still makes it possible for us to work back to its origin If the Son of God had to sacrifice his life to absolve mankind from original sin

1:03:09Then according to the law of retaliation the return of like for like This sin must have been an act of killing a murder Nothing else could call for the sacrifice of a life in expiation And if original sin was a sin against the godfather The oldest sin of mankind must have been a patricide The killing of the primal father of the primitive human horde Whose memory picture later was transfigured into a deity Primitive man was as incapable of imagining and realizing his own death as any one of us are today But a case arose in which the two opposite attitudes towards death clashed and came into conflict with each other With results that are both significant and far reaching Such a case was given when primitive man saw one of his own relatives die his wife, child, or friend

1:04:13whom he certainly loved as we do ours For love cannot be much younger than the lust for murder In his pain he must have discovered that he too could die And admission against which his whole being must have revolted For every one of these loved ones was a part of his own beloved self On the other hand every such death was satisfactory to him For there was also something foreign in each one of these persons The law of emotional ambivalence Which today still governs our emotional relations to those whom we love Certainly obtained far more widely in primitive times The beloved dead had nevertheless roused some hostile feelings in primitive man Just because they had been both friends and enemies Philosophers have maintained that the intellectual puzzle which the picture of death presented to primitive man

1:05:18forced him to reflect and became the starting point of every speculation I believe the philosophers here think too philosophically It's fall in jeep country and during the driving to fall sales event Get a great deal on four by fours that refuse to be contained like jeep rankler Confidence built into every drive with the most awarded SUV ever jeep grand Cherokee And freedom that can't be denied with the open air freedom and jeep gladiator After 85 years it's no surprise that jeep became america's SUV brand Get a great deal during the jeep driving to fall sales event jeep is one more awards over its lifetime than any other SUV brand Jeep and the Jeep grill register trademarts of fca us LLC They give too little consideration to the primary effective motive I should therefore like to correct and limit the above assertion Primitive man probably triumphed at the side of the corpse of the slain enemy without finding any occasion to puzzle his head about the riddle of life and death

1:06:20It was not the intellectual puzzle or any particular death which roused the spirit of inquiry in man But the conflict of emotions at the death of beloved and with all foreign and hated persons From this emotional conflict psychology arose Man could no longer keep death away from him for he had tasted of it in his grief for the deceased But he did not want to acknowledge it since he could not imagine himself dead He therefore formed a compromise and concealed his own death but denied at the significance of destroying life A distinction for which the death of his enemies had given him no motive He invented spirits during his contemplation of the corpse of the person he loved And his consciousness of guilt over the gratification which mingled with his grief

1:07:22Brought it about that these first created spirits were transformed into evil demons which were to be feared The changes wrought by death suggested to him to divide the individual into body and soul at first several souls And in this way his train of thought paralleled the disintegration process inaugurated by death The continued remembrance of the dead became the basis of the assumption of other forms of existence And gave him the idea of a future life after apparent death These later forms of existence were at first only vaguely associated appendages to those whom death had cut off And enjoyed only slightest steam until much later times They still betrayed a very meager knowledge The reply which the soul of Achilles made to Odysseus comes to our mind

1:08:23Quote Earsed in the life on earth no less than a god we revered the Wee the accans and now in the realm of the dead as a monarch Here the outost rule Then why should death thus grieve the Achilles Thus did I speak Fourth with then answering thus he addressed me Speak not smoothly of death. I beseech O famous Odysseus Better by far to remain on the earth as the thrall of another Ian of a porcionless man that hath means right scanty of living Rather than reign soul king In the realm of the bodyless phantoms Unquote Odysseus Chapter 11 verses 484 through 491 translated by hb caughtrill Hyna has rendered this in a forcible and bitter parody

1:09:28Quote The smallest living philestine at stuckert on the necker Is much happier than I am Son of Pellius the dead hero shadowy ruler of the underworld Unquote It was much later before the religions managed to declare this afterlife as the more valuable and perfect and to Debase our mortal life to a mere preparation for the life to come It was then only logical to prolong our existence into the past and to invent former existences Transmigrations of souls and reincarnations All with the object of depriving death of its meaning as the termination of life It was as early as this that the denial of death Which we described as the product of conventional culture originated Contemplation of the corpse of the person loved gave birth not only to the theory of the soul

1:10:32The belief in immortality and implanted the deep roots of the human sense of guilt But it also created the first ethical laws The first and most important prohibition of the awakening conscience Declared Thou shalt not kill This arose as a reaction against the gratification of hate for the beloved dead which is concealed behind grief And was gradually extended to the unloved stranger and finally also to the enemy Civilized man no longer feels this way in regard to killing enemies When the fierce struggle of this war will have reached a decision Every victorious warrior will joyfully and without delay return home to his wife and children Undisturbed by thoughts of the enemy he has killed either at close quarters Or with weapons operating at a distance

1:11:33It is worthy of note That the primitive races which still inhabit the earth And who are certainly closer to primitive man than we Act differently in this respect or have so acted as long as they did not yet feel the influence of our civilization The savage such as the australian the bushman or the inhabitants of Tera del Fuego Is by no means a remorseless murderer When he returns home as victor from the war path He is not allowed to enter his village or touch his wife until he has expiated his war murders Through lengthy and often painful penances The explanation for this is of course related to his superstition The savage fears the avenging spirit of the slain But the spirits of the fallen enemy are nothing but the expression of his evil conscience over his blood guilt Behind this superstition their lies concealed a bit of ethical delicacy of feeling which has been lost to us civilized beings

1:12:44Pius souls who would like to think us removed from contact with what his evil and mean We'll surely not fail to draw satisfactory conclusions in regard to the strength of the ethical impulses which have been implanted in us from these early and Forcible murder prohibitions Unfortunately this argument proves even more for the opposite contention Such a powerful inhibition can only be directed against an equally strong impulse What no human being desires to do does not have to be forbidden it is self-exclusive The very emphasis of the commandment Thou shalt not kill Makes it certain that we are descended from an endlessly long chain of generations of murderers Whose love of murder was in their blood as it is perhaps also in hours The ethical strivings of mankind with the strength and significance of which we need not quarrel are an acquisition of the history of man

1:13:51They have since become though unfortunately in very variable quantities the hereditary possessions of people of today Let us now leave primitive man and turn to the unconscious in our psyche Here we depend entirely upon psychoanalytic investigation the only method which reaches such depths The question is what is the attitude of our unconscious towards death In answer we may say that it is almost like that of primitive man In this respect as well as in many others The man of prehistoric times lives on unchanged in our unconscious Our unconscious therefore does not believe in its own death it acts as though it were immortal What we call our unconscious those deepest layers in our psyche which consist of impulses

1:14:57Recognizes no negative or any form of denial and resolves all contradictions So that it does not acknowledge its own death to which we can give only a negative content The idea of death finds absolutely no acceptance in our impulses This is perhaps the real secret of heroism The rational basis of heroism is dependent upon the decision that one's own life cannot be worth as much as certain abstract common ideals But I believe that instinctive or impulsive heroism Is much more frequently independent of such motivation and simply defies danger on the assurance which animated hunts the stone cutter A character an unsung cluber who always said to himself Nothing can happen to me Or that motivation only serves to clear away the hesitations which might restrain the corresponding heroic reaction in the unconscious

1:16:05The fear of death which controls us more frequently than we are aware is comparatively secondary and usually the outcome of the consciousness of guilt On the other hand we recognize the death of strangers and of enemies and Sentence them to it just as willingly and unhesitatingly as primitive man Here there is indeed a distinction which becomes decisive in practice Our unconscious does not carry out the killing it only thinks and wishes it But it would be wrong to underestimate the psychic reality so completely in comparison to the practical reality It is really important and full of serious consequences In our unconscious we daily and hourly do away with all those who stand in our way all those who have insulted or harmed us The expression the devil take him

1:17:08Which so frequently crosses our lips in the form of an ill-humored jest But by which we really intend to say death take him Is a serious and forceful death wish in our unconscious Indeed our unconscious murders even for trifles Like the old Athenian law of Draco It knows no other punishment for crime than death And this not without a certain consistency For every injury done to our Almighty and self-glorifying self is at bottom a Krimon laissez-majistatis Thus if we are to be judged by our unconscious wishes We ourselves are nothing but a band of murderers Just like primitive man It is lucky that all wishes do not possess the power which people of primitive times attributed to them For in the crossfire of mutual maladictions

1:18:09Mankind would have perished long ago Not accepting the best and wisest of men as well as the most beautiful and charming women As a rule the layman refuses to believe these theories of psychoanalysis They are rejected as columnaries which can be ignored in the face of the assurances of consciousness While the few signs through which the unconscious betrays itself to consciousness are cleverly overlooked It is therefore in place here to point out that many thinkers who could not possibly have been influenced by psychoanalysis Have very clearly accused our silent thoughts of a readiness to ignore the murder prohibition In order to clear away what stands in our path Instead of quoting many examples, I have chosen one which is very famous In his novel Père Correaux Balzac refers to a place in the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1:19:13Where this author asks the reader what he would do if without leaving Paris and of course without being discovered He could kill an old mandarin and pecking With great profit to himself by a mere act of the will He makes it possible for us to guess that he does not consider the life of this dignitary very secure To kill your mandarin has become proverbial for this secret readiness to kill Even on the part of people of today There are also a number of cynical jokes and anecdotes which bear witness to the same effect Such as the remark attributed to the husband If one of us dies, I shall move to Paris Such cynical jokes would not be possible if they did not have an unevowed truth to reveal Which we cannot admit when it is boldly and seriously stated It is well known that one may even speak the truth in jest

1:20:17A case arises for our consciousness just as it did for primitive man In which the two opposite attitudes towards death one of which acknowledges it as the destroyer of life While the other denies the reality of death clash and come into conflict The case is identical for both it consists of the death of one of our loved ones Of a parent or a partner in wedlock Of a brother or a sister Of a child or a friend These persons we love are on the one hand a part of our inner possessions and a constituent of our own selves But on the other hand they are also in part strangers and even enemies Except in a few instances Even the tenderest and closest love relations also contain a bit of hostility which can rouse an unconscious death wish

1:21:18But at the present day this ambivalent conflict no longer results in the development of ethics and soul theories But in neuroses which also gives us a profound insight into the normal psychic life Doctors who practice psychoanalysis have frequently had to deal with the symptom of over tender care for the welfare of relatives Or with wholly unfounded self reproaches after the death of a beloved person The study of these cases has left them in no doubt as to the significance of unconscious death wishes The layman feels an extraordinary horror at the possibility of such an emotion And takes his aversion to it as a legitimate ground for disbelief in the assertions of psychoanalysis I think he's wrong there No debasing of our love life is intended and none such has resulted

1:22:20It is indeed foreign to our comprehension as well as to our feelings to unite love and hate in this manner But in so far as nature employs these contrasts She brings it about that love is always kept alive and fresh in order to safeguard it against the hate that is lurking behind it It may be said that we owe the most beautiful unfolding of our love life to the reaction against this hostile impulse which we feel in our hearts Let us sum up what we have just said Our unconscious is just as inaccessible to the conception of our own death Just as much inclined to kill the stranger And just as divided or ambivalent towards the persons we love as was primitive man But how far we are removed from this primitive state in our conventionally civilized attitude towards death

1:23:22It is easy to see how war enters into this disunity War strips off the later deposits of civilization And allows the primitive man in us to reappear It forces us again to be heroes who cannot believe in their own death It stamps all strangers as enemies whose death we ought to cause or wish It counsels us to rise above the death of those whom we love But war cannot be abolished As long as the conditions of existence among races are so varied and the repulsions between them are so vehement There will have to be wars The question then arises whether we shall be the ones to yield and adapt ourselves to it Shall we not admit that in our civilized attitude towards death we have again lived psychologically beyond our means Shall we not turn around and ev'au the truth

1:24:23Were it not better to give death the place to which it is entitled both in reality and in our thoughts And to reveal a little more of our unconscious attitude towards death which up to now We have so carefully suppressed This may not appear a very high achievement And in some respects rather a step backwards a kind of regression But at least it has the advantage of taking the truth into account a little more and of making life more bearable again To bear life remains after all the first duty of the living The illusion becomes worthless if it disturbs us in this We remember the old saying CVS PASM PAA-DA-BELLUM If you wish peace prepare for war The times call for a paraphrase CVS VETAM PAA-DA-MOR-TEM

1:25:28If you wish life prepare for death And section 2 our attitude towards death And reflections on war and death by Sigmund Freud This recording is in the public domain To be continued Subnet press