Course 27 - Hacking Web Applications, Penetration Testing, CTF | Episode 8: Cryptography Fundamentals: Encoding and Ciphers

In this lesson, you’ll learn about:

Data Representation and Encoding:
- ASCII: Uses 128 unique values to represent text characters in computing.
- Base64: Encodes binary data into text form for safe transfer across text-only channels like email or HTML.
Numerical Systems in Computing:
- Binary (Base 2): Uses 0 and 1, fundamental to machine operations.
- Decimal (Base 10): Standard human-readable numbering.
- Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses 0–9 and A–F, commonly used in memory addresses and color codes.
- Octal (Base 8): Uses digits 0–7, occasionally used in file permissions and legacy systems.
Classic Substitution Ciphers:
- Caesar Cipher / Shift Cipher: Rotates letters by a fixed number of positions.
- ROT Variants:
  - ROT13: Shifts letters by 13 positions.
  - ROT5: Shifts numbers.
  - ROT18: Combination of ROT13 for letters and ROT5 for numbers.
  - ROT47: Extends rotation to letters, numbers, and keyboard symbols across ASCII.

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